The efficiency of utilization of phosphatic fertilizers is very low due to their chemical fixation in soil. Besides native soil phosphorus (P) is mostly unavailable to crops because of its low solubility. Poor to medium status with respect to available phosphorus characterize Indian soils. Further, there is building of insoluble phosphates in soil where phosphatic fertilizers have been applied over long periods. The introduction of efficient P solubilizers in the rhizospheres of crops and soils increases the availability of phosphorus from insoluble sources of phosphates and the utilization of efficiency of applied phosphatic fertilizer. Important phosphate solubilising organisms are Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa, Aspergillus awamori, Penicillium digitatum. These microorganisms can grow on insoluble phosphatic sources such as tricalcium phosphate, ferric, aluminium and magnesium phosphate, rock phosphate, and bone meal and convert them in to soluble forms. A variety of mechanisms are implicated in the solubilisation and mineralization of insoluble and organic P sources. The nature of organic acids produced has important bearing on amount of P solubilized.

Most of the cultivated tropical soils have good population of rhizobia capable of nodulating legumes.  Presence of nodules should not be taken as an index of establishment of an efficient nitrogen fixing system.  Competitive and efficient strains of Rhizobium used for inoculation will ensure maximum nitrogen fixation.  Absence of effective Rhizobium strains is responsible for poor nodulation encountered in many areas.  Absence of suitable rhizobia, deficiency or toxicity of a nutrient, unfavorable soil conditions, excess water logging, unsuitable pH, predators and pests are other factors which indirectly influence the potentiality of Rhizobium strains.

Drought and temperature stress is known to affect the growth of legume host and nitrogen fixation.  Nodule formation and nitrogen fixation are influenced by the rhizosphere temperature.  The capacity to tolerate elevated temperature varies considerably among different strains of rhizobia and host species.  Therefore, the ability to tolerate higher temperature will be a very desirable trait for  selection of Rhizobium strains in a tropical country like India as this would help in build up and carryover of strains introduced into soil from one season to another.

Azospirillium an associative microaerophilic nitrogen fix is commonly found in association with the roots of cereals and forage grasses.  High nitrogen fixation capacity, low energy requirement and abundant establishment in the roots of cereals and tolerance to high soil temperature (30-40°C) are responsible for its suitability under tropical conditions too.  Azospirillum is also found on root surface, root hairs, epidermal cells and vesicular tissues.

Azospirillum are mesophilic and reports in association of crops grown in acidic to alkaline pH range.  Azospirillum are metabolically versatile and can grow vigorously in the presence of nitrogenous compounds presents in soil but as soon as the external combined nitrogen supply is exhausted the bacteria switch on to diazotrophy.

Microbial insecticide containing  conidia of B. bassiana controls root & stemborers, white grubs, second &third instar caterpillar & other sucking insect in crops such as Grapes, Cotton , Pulse, Tea . Potato, Tomato, oil seeds Tobacco , Spices, Cereals, Vegetables,  horticultural & ornamental crops.

Verticillium lecanii is multipurpose naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi.

It is important bio-control agent for mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, & other sucking insect pest in crops Grapes, Cotton, Pulse, Tea,  Potato, Tomato, oil seeds Tobacco, Spices, Cereals, Vegetables,  horticultural and ornamental crops.

Metarhizium anisoplae  is an naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi. It is also called as green muscardine fungus. Metarhizium anisoplae   is reported to be capable of infecting more than 100 different insect species belonging to variety of insects orders.

It is used as bio-control agent against white grubs, termite, & other soil born insects in crops such as Grapes, Cotton, Pulse, Tea. Potato, Tomato, oil seeds Tobacco, Spices, Cereals, Vegetables, all horticultural & ornamental crops.

Paecilomyces  spp. is an important entomopathogenic fungi. It is considered as a very promising biological control agent due to extensive host range which includes insects in over 25 different families, including diamond back moth , Russian wheat aphid, & silverleaf whitefly. Some members in this  genus  are active plant parasitic nematode.

The technique of tissue culture is based on the principle of ‘Totipotency’, which is defined as the ability and capacity of the cell to divide, redivide and develop into whole organism. The technology involves selection of mother plant and explant preparation, growing of these explants on a defined medium in glass vessel (in vitro), incubation in ideal growing conditions & finally transfer of these plants from glass vessels to natural environment (hardening). All these constitute protocol for tissue culture, which varies from species & variety to variety.

• Glassware cleaning & Sterilization.
• Stock solution preparation.
• Nutrient medium preparation.
• Surface sterilization of explant & Inoculation.
• Subculture followed by rooting.
• Hardening.
• For tissue culture techniques, glassware washing/cleaning and sterilization is the first and important step. After this step using macro & micro nutrient chemicals in a particular concentration which is a ideal for in vitro growth of plant is stock solution preparation. These stock solutions are used in preparation of nutrient medium. This sterilized medium is used for inoculation of explant (excised part of plant).